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of contexts, an investigator can arrive at a description of the acoustic features common to all of the samples, and in this way make progress toward defining the so-called invariants of speech, that is, the essential information-bearing sound elements on which the listener's identifications critically depend. The investigator can also take account of the variations among spectrograms, and by correlating these with the observed variations in pronunciation, he can begin to sort out the several acoustic features in relation to the several aspects of the perception. There are, however, many questions about the relation between acoustic stimulus and auditory perception which cannot be answered merely by an inspection of spectrograms, no matter how numerous and varied these may be. For any given unit characteristic of the auditory perception, such as the simple identification of a phoneme, the spectrogram will very often exhibit several features which are distinctive to the eye, and the information which can be obtained from the spectrogram is, accordingly, ambiguous. Even when only one feature or pattern is strikingly evident, one cannot be certain about its auditory significance, unless he assumes that those aspects of the spectrogram which appear most prominently on visual examination are, in fact, of greatest importance to the ear. That assumption, as we shall try to point out later in this paper, is itself extremely interesting, but it has not been directly tested, nor, indeed, has it always been made fully explicit. To validate conclusions drawn from visual examination of spectrograms, or, more generally, to determine the stimulus correlates of perceived speech, it will often be necessary to make controlled modifications in the spectrogram, and then to evaluate the effects of those modifications on the sound as heard. For these purposes, we have constructed an instrument, called

The Interconversion of Audible and Visible Patterns as a Basis for Research in the Perception of Speech