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Significance The impact of soil viruses on prokaryotic hosts and their functional processes is largely unknown. While metagenomic sequencing of soil microbial communities enables identification of linkages between viruses and hosts, this does not necessarily identify contemporary interactions. To enable a detailed analysis of active virus–host interactions between individual populations, we focused on the critical biogeochemical process of methane (CH4 ) oxidation and followed the transfer of carbon from hosts to their associated viruses in situ. Analysis of13 C-enriched metagenomic DNA demonstrated that CH4 -derived carbon is transferred into viral biomass via both primary and secondary utilizers of CH4 and suggests viral predation is an important mechanism for releasing CH4 -derived organic carbon into the soil matrix.

Methane-derived carbon flows into host–virus networks at different trophic levels in soil