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Significance Whether an odor's perceived valence induces an approach response or triggers avoidance is critical for survival, and yet little is known about the neural mechanisms supporting this decision. Using electrophysiological measures from the human olfactory bulb (OB), the first processing stage of the olfactory system, and measures of full-body movement, we provide evidence that this process is initiated in the human OB. We demonstrate that odor valence is associated with both gamma and beta activity in the OB. Furthermore, we show that unpleasant odors have privileged temporal OB access, as indicated by early beta activity that is linked to a preparatory neural motor response in the motor cortex, which, in turn, is associated behaviorally with a fast full-body avoidance response.

The human olfactory bulb processes odor valence representation and cues motor avoidance behavior