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Significance Adhesion pili are often essential virulence factors for attachment of pathogenic bacteria in specific environmental niches. We provide mechanistic details of structural differences impacting the biophysical properties of pili found on bacteria in the urinary and intestinal tracts. First, we see that P pili from urinary tract bacteria withstand higher forces than CFA/I pili expressed on enterotoxigenic bacteria, due to a disulfide bond that limits subunit unraveling. Second, the greater elasticity of P pili is due to anα -helical motif that can unfold, absorbing force that could otherwise lead to bacteria detachment. Our work provides insight into the central role of pilus structural and biophysical properties for the sustained bacterial adherence necessary to initiate disease.

Impact of an alpha helix and a cysteine–cysteine disulfide bond on the resistance of bacterial adhesion pili to stress