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Significance The biology of many microorganisms has been adapted to a feast-and-famine lifestyle. Thus, understanding population dynamics during transitions from starvation to resource abundance is important for fundamental and applied reasons. Here, we study starved populations of bacteria encountering new resources and ask how the behavior of single cells gives rise to emergent population-level traits. We find that growth and survival of populations are dominated by phenotypic minorities: small subpopulations with extreme lag times. As a consequence, starved populations of bacteria can break a fundamental life history trade-off between growth and survival by evolving phenotypic variation in lag time. By showing why bacteria can sustain subpopulations with long lag times our findings can explain the prevalence of antibiotic tolerance by lag.

Wide lag time distributions break a trade-off between reproduction and survival in bacteria