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Significance The PDO and NPGO indices are important tools for summarizing and understanding climate variability. As with other climate indices, the PDO and NPGO are assumed to have stable relationships with the climate variables they synthesize. We found that a late-1980s North Pacific climate shift resulted in changing correlations between large-scale climate patterns and the PDO and NPGO, and widespread weakening in relationships between the PDO/NPGO and regional physical and ecological processes. These findings suggest that understanding based on observed correlations with PDO/NPGO variability may have limited utility when applied to different time periods. Time dependence in correlations with these static climate indices may accelerate in the future, as climate change is expected to further shuffle relationships among climate variables.

The changing physical and ecological meanings of North Pacific Ocean climate indices