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Significance Photosynthesis uses carotenoids as light-harvesting pigments and for photoprotective energy dissipation. The carbon–carbon double bond conjugation length of carotenoids (N ) affects the carotenoid-to-(bacterio)chlorophyll energy transfer efficiency, but the photoprotective capability was considered to be independent ofN . Using light-harvesting complex 2 from the model photosynthetic bacteriumRhodobacter sphaeroides containing ζ-carotene (N = 7) or neurosporene (N = 9), we demonstrate that decreasing the conjugation length increases the carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer efficiency, in the case of ζ-carotene to ∼100%. However, unity quantum efficiency comes at the cost of photoprotection, suggesting that naturally evolved photosynthesis tolerates some energetic loss to allow essential energy dissipation, explaining why longer-conjugation length carotenoids are utilized in native pigment–protein complexes.

A photosynthetic antenna complex foregoes unity carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer efficiency to ensure photoprotection