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Significance Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) generated in theArabidopsis fluorescent (flu ) mutant triggers cell death in young seedlings and inhibits growth of mature plants through the EXECUTER1 (EX1)-dependent retrograde signaling pathway. Here, we show another1 O2 -induced chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling pathway, the1 O2 -SAFEGUARD1 (SAFE1) pathway that is independent of EX1. SAFE1 is localized in the chloroplast stroma, and release of1 O2 induces SAFE1 degradation via chloroplast-originated vesicles. Without SAFE1, grana margins (GMs) of chloroplast thylakoids are specifically damaged upon1 O2 generation and associate with plastoglobules. We suggest that theArabidopsis SAFE1 suppresses1 O2 -induced stress responses by protecting GMs. Our paper, therefore, uncovers an additional1 O2 -induced pathway and a unique mechanism by which higher plants deal with oxidative stress.

The Arabidopsis SAFEGUARD1 suppresses singlet oxygen-induced stress responses by protecting grana margins