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Significance The basic mechanism by which vertebrate collagenous tissues are mineralized remains unclear, despite the importance of mineralization for skeletal formation and regeneration. The present study of normally mineralizing avian leg tendon, that presents structural, molecular biological, and biochemical features common to other collagenous vertebrate tissues, reveals previously unknown three-dimensional interrelationships between an extensive tendon lacuno-canalicular network, the extracellular matrix, and mineral deposits. These interrelationships suggest a mechanism where the lacuno-canalicular system facilitates the transport of mineral ions and possibly mineralization precursors. These ions and putative precursors are initially present in interfibrillar collagen spaces and subsequently translocated to neighboring collagen fibrils. Mineral particles then nucleate in association with collagen to form the well-known collagen–mineral composite material of the skeleton.

Three-dimensional structural interrelations between cells, extracellular matrix, and mineral in normally mineralizing avian leg tendon