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Significance Symbioses between animals and microbes often involve host control of symbionts to harness a benefit. In aphids,Buchnera symbionts produce amino acids for their hosts, enabling these insects to survive solely on plant sap.Buchnera abundance varies among aphid lineages, suggesting that distinct host–symbiont relationships exist among host genotypes. We found thatBuchnera gene expression varies among aphid lineages, indicating thatBuchnera also contributes to the host–symbiont relationship. Aphids andBuchnera inversely up-regulate amino acid biosynthesis and cell-proliferation genes, and both aphid andBuchnera genes implicated in host–symbiont interactions were differentially expressed, indicating crosstalk. Overall, we demonstrated thatBuchnera alters its gene expression in response to the host genetic background, and this likely affects host gene expression.

Coordination of host and symbiont gene expression reveals a metabolic tug-of-war between aphids and Buchnera