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Significance Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has generated intense excitement as a therapy for treatment-resistant depression. However, ketamine and its metabolites can act on a wide range of targets, including opioid receptors, which has raised concerns. Using behavioral and cellular assays in rodents, we find that blocking opioid function prevents the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. However, in contrast to ketamine, administration of a µ-opioid agonist is hedonic and ineffective on anhedonia/avolition. Furthermore, ketamine’s cellular actions are both mimicked and occluded by an NMDAR antagonist but not by a µ-opioid agonist. These results suggest that ketamine does not act as a μ-opioid agonist, but functional μ-opioid receptors are permissive for the antidepressant effects of ketamine.

Opioid system is necessary but not sufficient for antidepressive actions of ketamine in rodents