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Significance Seasonality is a widespread adaptation in nature, which is driven by changes in day length (i.e., photoperiod) in organisms living at temperate latitudes. In insects, despite decades of research, the molecular and genetic mechanisms by which photoperiodic changes are sensed and translated into seasonal changes in developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes have remained elusive. The present study supports a role for circadian clock genes in sensing photoperiodic signals and genetically demonstrates that the vitamin A in the insect brain, which is photoperiod- and clock-regulated, is necessary for regulating seasonal responses. These findings also establish the monarch butterfly as one of the few animal models in which to genetically dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie photoperiodic responsiveness.

Photoperiodic and clock regulation of the vitamin A pathway in the brain mediates seasonal responsiveness in the monarch butterfly