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Improving global food systems is essential to addressing climate change, mitigating biodiversity loss, and meeting both sustainability and human development goals. International assessments from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services and business and technology innovations such as lab-grown and plant-based meat, as well as many consumer diet trends, can all be traced to studies that identify undesirable impacts of certain food systems. Yet the evidence underpinning many widely touted recommendations about what to grow and eat is remarkably sparse and generally biased.The web of food impacts and interactions is challenging to map, let alone fully assess. We must address the holes in food assessment studies and the paucity of linkages among foods in these assessments to fully understand the cumulative impact of food production. Image credit: Shutterstock/Olga Klochanko.We know that not all food is created equal in terms of environmental impact (1⇓–3). However, most past research has focused on only a few key foods (e.g., beef and staple crops) and only a few environmental stressors (particularly greenhouse gas emissions). In addition, these studies tend to be confined to a few countries, and many nations suffer from poor knowledge transfer between the scientific community and the public. Even the most wide-ranging assessments made to date (2, 4, 5) contain significant gaps (Fig. 1). These biases arise, first, because substantial portions of the global food system are inaccurately or insufficiently reported or effectively “hidden” from standard statistics (e.g., inland and small-scale fisheries, bushmeat, backyard farming) and, second, because of an incomplete knowledge of the suite of environmental impacts and how these propagate through the many linkages among food systems.Fig. 1. Comparative food impact studies published in the last 10 years are skewed in favor of a handful … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: halpern{at}nceas.ucsb.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Putting all foods on the same table: Achieving sustainable food systems requires full accounting