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Gold et al. (1) report a reinforcement-learning experiment where reward prediction errors (RPEs) were elicited by the consonance or dissonance of musical stimuli. They link these RPEs to activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and to behavioral indices of learning. They conclude that music can function as a reward, that musical expectations are linked to pleasure, and that musical rewards motivate learning. We applaud the multifaceted methodological approach, which combines neuroimaging, behavioral data, and computational modeling. However, we believe that some of the conclusions put forward are not warranted by the evidence presented.First, the paper conflates sensory prediction (predicting future events) with reward prediction (predicting rewards for future events) (2, 3 … [↵][1]2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: r.defleurian{at}qmul.ac.uk, pmc.harrison{at}gmail.com, marcus.pearce{at}qmul.ac.uk, or dquiroga{at}clin.au.dk. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Reward prediction tells us less than expected about musical pleasure