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Significance Understanding the selective pressures shaping flower strategies can unveil how angiosperms thrived for the last 150 Mya on Earth. Here, we show that heavier hermaphrodite flowers tend to be male-biased and invest strongly in petals to export their pollen, while lighter flowers tend to be female-biased and invest more in sepals to ensure the success of their own ovules. Strong male–male competition, represented by the ecological contest among pollen donors, helps to explain why flower biomass varies several orders of magnitude across the angiosperms and many aspects of their pollination biology.

The maleness of larger angiosperm flowers