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Significance Meristems are highly regulated groups of stem cells that are ultimately responsible for the formation of all branches, lateral organs, and stems in plants, and thus directly affect plant architecture and crop yield. We have identified a highly conserved member of a family of mitochondria-localized proteases that regulates maize inflorescence architecture. Unlike inArabidopsis , in which its function appears dispensable, we have discovered that this protein is required for maize growth and productivity in field conditions and in high temperatures, and we provide evidence that it maintains reproductive meristem redox status and auxin homeostasis. These data highlight the importance of meristem redox status for sustaining maize organogenesis in challenging environments.

NEEDLE1 encodes a mitochondria localized ATP-dependent metalloprotease required for thermotolerant maize growth