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Significance GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is the brain’s predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter and exerts a strong inhibitory influence through extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. This form of neurotransmission is known as tonic inhibition. Tonic inhibition is usually thought to reduce the excitability of all neurons, but here we show that it can selectively modulate the excitability of different types of neurons. Surprisingly, tonic inhibition can increase excitability in a common subtype of interneuron, and modeling results suggest this is achieved through the neuron’s electrophysiological, or functional, properties. These results provide insight into the impact of tonic inhibition upon neural activity and suggest a mechanism through which GABA may modulate the excitability of neurons in a selective manner.

GABA-mediated tonic inhibition differentially modulates gain in functional subtypes of cortical interneurons