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Significance Light-absorbing pigments undergo chemical changes via excitation of electrons. The electron excitation may generate reactive chemicals such as free radicals, and eventually reactive oxygen species, causing tissue damage like sunburn. Such pigments able to exert toxic effects on light illumination are regarded as phototoxins. Despite advances of our chemical knowledge on phototoxicity, the prediction of intrinsic pigment phototoxicity has been limited. Our study shows that the insect chemical receptor called Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is able to discern intrinsic phototoxins among pigments, for which TRPA1 needs the capability of sensing nucleophiles, chemical compounds with strong electron-donating tendency. Accordingly, understanding insect chemical receptor TRPA1 leads to the discovery of nucleophilicity as a chemical signature of intrinsic phototoxicity.

Analysis of phototoxin taste closely correlates nucleophilicity to type 1 phototoxicity