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Significance After RNA synthesis is initiated by RNA polymerase II (pol II) and general transcription factors (GTFs), pol II dissociates from GTFs and promoter DNA and undergoes the transition to productive elongation. This transition is generally referred to as promoter escape and is a major rate-limiting step at many mRNA genes, but key details have remained unclear. We have developed an in vitro reconstituted transcription system that has high initiation efficiency, which allowed us to dissect the timing of this transition. We found that the formation of the initially transcribing complex, containing pol II, general transcription factors, and a nascent transcript, is long persisting and that 2 elongation factors conserved across eukaryotes have robust and positive biochemical activities on this transition.

The capping enzyme facilitates promoter escape and assembly of a follow-on preinitiation complex for reinitiation