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Significance Many lineages increase in diversity through time, and some of them eventually decline and get replaced. The causes of such diversity decline remain elusive and are especially difficult to understand over a long-time scale and global distribution. Relying on unprecedented species-level fossil datasets spanning the last 140 million years, we investigated the causes of the wax and wane of mackerel sharks (Lamniformes), including the great white shark. We find that both temperature and competition with some ecologically similar members of their sister group, the ground sharks, played a substantial role in the lamniform demise. Our results provide quantitative evidence that the Court Jester and Red Queen can jointly drive the radiation and extinction of entire lineages.

Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks