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Significance Rods and cones are photoreceptor cells with different distributions and functions in the human retina. Rods are dominant at the periphery, which is responsible for peripheral vision; cones are enriched in the macula, which is responsible for central vision and visual acuity. Macular degenerations affect vision the most and are currently incurable. Unique to primates, the macula is challenging to study. Retinal organoids are promising tools in retinal studies, but cone-rich retinal organoids have not been adequately demonstrated and rigorous transcriptome profiling of retinal organoids has not been sufficiently addressed. Here we report the generation, transcriptome profiling, and functional validation of cone-rich human retinal organoids, which resemble the macula/fovea based on the ratio of cones to rods and single-cell transcriptomes.

Generation, transcriptome profiling, and functional validation of cone-rich human retinal organoids