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Significance A vigorous debate has raged over the past decades on the mantle plume origin of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). This debate has persisted for such a long time because the 3D structure of the mantle under the North Atlantic during the Cenozoic was, until now, unknown. This paper presents thermodynamically consistent tomography-based reconstructions of two deeply seated hot mantle upwellings (plumes) under Greenland and the Azores whose evolution is tracked from 70 Ma to the present day. We show how these dual upwellings gave rise to the small-scale mantle melt sources and topographic changes of the NAIP. We believe that this discovery will contribute to resolving the long-standing debate on the origin of the NAIP.

Two deep-mantle sources for Paleocene doming and volcanism in the North Atlantic