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Significance Most mutations are subject to competitive exclusion: Their descendants will either take over the population or go extinct. In special cases, a mutant may evade competitive exclusion by exploiting a different ecological niche. Both types of mutations can be found in large microbial populations, yet little is known about how they interact. By generalizing consumer-resource theory to include heritable beneficial mutations, we show that interactions between diversification and competitive exclusion can produce dramatic departures from existing models of evolution or ecology alone. These results suggest that short-term evolutionary processes could play an important role in shaping the structure of microbial communities.

Adaptation limits ecological diversification and promotes ecological tinkering during the competition for substitutable resources