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Although the motility of the flagellated bacteria, Escherichia coli, has beenwidely studied, the effect of viscosity on swimming speed remainscontroversial. The swimming mode of wild-type E.coli is often idealized as a"run-and- tumble" sequence in which periods of swimming at a constant speed arerandomly interrupted by a sudden change of direction at a very low speed. Usinga tracking microscope, we follow cells for extended periods of time inNewtonian liquids of varying viscosity, and find that the swimming behavior ofa single cell can exhibit a variety of behaviors including run-and-tumble and"slow-random-walk" in which the cells move at relatively low speed. Althoughthe characteristic swimming speed varies between individuals and in differentpolymer solutions, we find that the skewness of the speed distribution issolely a function of viscosity and can be used, in concert with the measuredaverage swimming speed, to determine the effective running speed of each cell.We hypothesize that differences in the swimming behavior observed in solutionsof different viscosity are due to changes in the flagellar bundling time, whichincreases as the viscosity rises, due to the lower rotation rate of theflagellar motor. A numerical simulation and the use of Resistive Force theoryprovide support for this hypothesis.

Changes in the flagellar bundling time account for variations in swimming behavior of flagellated bacteria in viscous media