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Significance Many important bacterial pathogens such asVibrio cholerae andHelicobacter pylori use a sheathed flagellum as the main organelle for motility. Although bacterial flagella have been extensively studied in model systems such asEscherichia coli andSalmonella , relatively little is known about sheathed flagella. In this study, we use high-throughput cryoelectron tomography to visualize thousands of polar flagella inVibrio alginolyticus . We not only reveal unprecedented details of sheathed flagella inV. alginolyticus but also uncover key differences between sheathed flagella and unsheathed flagella in the sameVibrio species. Our studies provide insight into the unique aspects of sheathed flagella, which are effectively used by many bacterial pathogens to establish infection and disseminate in humans and other mammalian hosts.

Molecular architecture of the sheathed polar flagellum in Vibrio alginolyticus