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Significance In biomedical and environmental applications, as well as manufacture and disposal, the interaction of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) with living cells is inevitable and sometimes crucial. While the cytotoxic properties of GBNs are well established, the mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity remain controversial. In this study, we first utilize a magnetic field to form films with aligned graphene oxide (GO), showing that the alignment of sharp GO edges plays a crucial role in the antibacterial activity. We then demonstrate using model systems that GO unequivocally induces physical disruption of lipid bilayers and that oxidation stems from a direct electron transfer mechanism. Altogether, our results elucidate the physicochemical, edge-based cytotoxicity of GBNs, while providing guidance for the design of engineered surfaces using GBNs.

Enhanced antibacterial activity through the controlled alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets