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At 3D printing company Carbon’s headquarters in Redwood City, California, a mechanical arm pulls a miniature model of the Eiffel Tower out of a pool of viscous ooze. The figure grows as patterned light beams projected into the chemical bath solidify the crisscrossing beams and struts of the model, one layer at a time. The 3D printing method advanced by the company Carbon, a method they call continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), allows for much faster printing of all sorts of complex forms, such as these. Image courtesy of Carbon. Long seen as a potentially transformative technology, 3D printing isn’t new: Methods for building complex shapes by depositing or hardening materials in a layer-by-layer fashion have been around since the 1980s. But recent 3D printer innovations promise more speed and an array of new applications. Although companies like Carbon make 3D printing a viable manufacturing technique, scientists are working on a next generation of printers for creating new, complex materials with unusual combinations of characteristics, from lightweight airplane materials to living tissues to metamaterials with exotic properties. “Watching a 3D printer operate is kind of fun but it usually takes forever,” says Joseph Desimone, a chemical engineer and entrepreneur who’s on leave from his faculty position at the University of North Carolina to work as Carbon’s cofounder and CEO. Until recently, 3D printing has been too slow for mass manufacturing, requiring hours or days to make small objects. Desimone’s Carbon has made it possible to print continuously, which speeds up the process, compared with conventional technologies that deposit printed layers one at a time. Carbon’s printers can make parts in minutes. The company has adapted a technique called stereolithography. Typically, stereolithography entails depositing material one layer at a time, in a stop-and-start process. But in Carbon’s case, …

3D printer innovations tackle complexity of metamaterials, living tissue