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Significance Although intracellular patterning is crucial for cell function, the mechanisms by which spatial patterns arise often remain elusive. Here, we investigate the mechanism of intracellular patterning by the broadly conserved bacterial ParA/B systems, which drive the transport and partitioning of cellular cargos such as plasmids. We show that a simple model that considers only the known biochemical properties of the ParA and ParB proteins and the stochastic dynamics of chromosomal loci observed in vivo explains the spontaneous formation of propagating protein gradients, cargo oscillations, and equidistant patterns that are characteristic of ParA/B systems. Our study shows that stochastic processes and directionally random forces alone—without cytoskeletal elements or motor proteins—can result in directed motion and complex spatial patterning.

DNA-relay mechanism is sufficient to explain ParA-dependent intracellular transport and patterning of single and multiple cargos