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Significance Hybrid seed lethality has been recognized and addressed by a long-standing tradition of plant-breeding research. Nevertheless, its role in evolution and speciation has been underestimated. In this study, hybrid seed lethality betweenArabidopsis lyrata andArabidopsis arenosa , two model species of growing interest in the scientific community, was investigated. This study shows that endosperm defects are sufficient to explain the direction of gene flow between the two wild species, suggesting an important role of this hybridization barrier in plant speciation. In addition, we show that natural polyploidization is involved in breaking down hybridization barriers, not only establishing them, as implied by the traditional “triploid block” concept. Our data suggest that polyploidy-mediated hybrid seed rescue, long known in artificial crosses, could play an important role in plant evolution.

proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america

Endosperm-based hybridization barriers explain the pattern of gene flow between <i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i> and <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> in Central Europe

Endosperm-based hybridization barriers explain the pattern of gene flow between Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis arenosa in Central Europe