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Significance The starting month of many historical tropical volcanic eruptions is unknown and often assumed constant in long model simulations. Here we use model simulations to show that the season of eruptions strongly affects both atmospheric circulation and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation within the eruption year and that this could explain some of the mismatches between model simulations and paleoclimate reconstructions. The response 1 year later depends much less on eruption season, and proxy reconstructions are also more consistent. Our results imply that models may actually be correctly representing eruption-year tropical climate responses and that the season of eruptions should be considered when evaluating the mechanisms for volcanic effects on climate.

Role of eruption season in reconciling model and proxy responses to tropical volcanism