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Significance Agrobacterium causes diseases in a wide range of host plants. It has been developed as a genetic tool to transform a variety of plant species and nonplant organisms. It can achieve a transformation efficiency as high as 100%. However, it is not clear howAgrobacterium virulence factors are trafficked through host cytoplasm to achieve such a wide host range and a high efficiency. Here we report thatAgrobacterium -delivered VirE2 is trafficked inside plant cells via the endoplasmic reticulum and F-actin network. This trafficking is powered by myosin XI-K. As the myosin-powered actin network is well conserved, our data suggest thatAgrobacterium hijacks the conserved host network for virulence trafficking to transform a wide range of recipient cells with high efficiency.

Agrobacterium -delivered virulence protein VirE2 is trafficked inside host cells via a myosin XI-K–powered ER/actin network