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Significance Nitric oxide (NO) controls the atmosphere’s oxidative capacity. In soils, NO emissions are thought to be controlled by a tradeoff that develops in response to changes in soil moisture: dry soils limit substrate diffusion, whereas wet soils limit gas diffusivity, such that moist soils favor NO emissions. In drylands, however, NO emissions can be highest when soils are dry and immediately following rewetting. Aridity and vegetation interact to generate unexpected NO emission patterns. The shutdown in plant N uptake during the dry season causes NO emissions to increase, whereas arid conditions concentrate resources in dry soils, stimulating NO pulses upon rewetting. Chemistry governs the rapid initial NO pulse, whereas biological processes control later emissions as microbes recover from drought stress.

Aridity and plant uptake interact to make dryland soils hotspots for nitric oxide (NO) emissions