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Significance Prostate cancer often responds to hormone ablation therapy or chemotherapy by becoming more aggressive and metastatic. B cells recruited into hormone-deprived tumors by C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) play an important role in this process. We investigated how androgen ablation induces CXCL13 expression and found that CXCL13 is expressed by myofibroblasts within the tumor microenvironment that become activated as a result of low oxygen tension and hypoxia in androgen-deprived tumors. Hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and induces TGF-β expression, which converts fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and stimulates CXCL13 production. We show that several treatments that block CXCL13 expression, including immunodepletion of myofibroblasts, blockade of TGF-β signaling, and phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, inhibit B-cell recruitment into androgen-deprived prostate tumors and prevent the emergence of a more aggressive type of cancer.

Tissue injury and hypoxia promote malignant progression of prostate cancer by inducing CXCL13 expression in tumor myofibroblasts