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Significance Fire is a key ecological process affecting ecosystem dynamics and services. Fire frequency, intensity, and size reflect complex climate–vegetation–human interactions and their evolution through time. The long-term history of these interactions provides insights into the variability of the ecosystem and a context for future environmental change. We use paleoenvironmental data from the Patagonian forest/steppe border and introduce generalized additive models as trend-detection tools in paleoecology to assess the relative influence of climate, vegetation, and humans in shaping the fire regime. Our results suggest that for the last 18,000 y, fires have been predominantly limited by fuel discontinuity rather than by suitable climate conditions. In contrast to extensive present-day anthropogenic impact, Patagonian ecosystems evolved with minimal human influence prior to European settlement.

Fire responses to postglacial climate change and human impact in northern Patagonia (41–43°S)