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The identity of the fundamental broken symmetry (if any) in the underdopedcuprates is unresolved. However, evidence has been accumulating that this statemay be an unconventional density wave. Here we carry out site-specificmeasurements within each CuO$_2$ unit-cell, segregating the results into threeseparate electronic structure images containing only the Cu sites (Cu(r)) andonly the x/y-axis O sites (O$_x$(r) and O$_y$(r)). Phase resolved Fourieranalysis reveals directly that the modulations in the O$_x$(r) and O$_y$(r)sublattice images consistently exhibit a relative phase of ${\pi}$. We confirmthis discovery on two highly distinct cuprate compounds, ruling out tunnelmatrix-element and materials specific systematics. These observationsdemonstrate by direct sublattice phase-resolved visualization that the densitywave found in underdoped cuprates consists of modulations of theintra-unit-cell states that exhibit a predominantly d-symmetry form factor.

Direct phase-sensitive identification of a d-form factor density wave in underdoped cuprates