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Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins into plant cells to subvert host defenses. These effectors can be recognized by plant nucleotide-binding–leucine-rich repeat immune receptors, triggering defense responses that restrict pathogen growth. AvrRps4, an effector protein fromPseudomonas syringae pv.pisi , triggersRPS4 -dependent immunity in resistant accessions ofArabidopsis . To better understand the molecular basis of AvrRps4-triggered immunity, we determined the crystal structure of processed AvrRps4 (AvrRps4C , residues 134–221), revealing that it forms an antiparallel α-helical coiled coil. Structure-informed mutagenesis reveals an electronegative surface patch in AvrRps4C required for recognition by RPS4; mutations in this region can also uncouple triggering of the hypersensitive response from disease resistance. This uncoupling may result from a lower level of defense activation, sufficient for avirulence but not for triggering a hypersensitive response. Natural variation in AvrRps4 reveals distinct recognition specificities that involve a surface-exposed residue. Recently, a direct interaction between AvrRps4 andEnhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 has been implicated in activation of immunity. However, we were unable to detect direct interaction between AvrRps4 andEnhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 after coexpression inNicotiana benthamiana or in yeast cells. How intracellular plant immune receptors activate defense upon effector perception remains an unsolved problem. The structure of AvrRps4C , and identification of functionally important residues for its activation of plant immunity, advances our understanding of these processes in a well-defined model pathosystem.

Distinct regions of the Pseudomonas syringae coiled-coil effector AvrRps4 are required for activation of immunity