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Upon detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), plants usually shift cellular activities from normal growth to defense responses called microbe- or pathogen-induced immunity (MTI or PTI) (1, 2). Effective regulation of the tradeoffs between growth and immunity according to physiological and pathological conditions is critical for plant fitness in nature. The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) BAK1 has been considered a candidate for mediating such a tradeoff, because it serves as a coreceptor for ligand-binding LRR-RKs for both steroid hormones and MAMPs, including BRI1, which binds brassinosteroids (BRs), and FLS2, the receptor for bacterial flagellin peptide (flg22) eliciting MTI (3, 4). However, it has remained unclear whether sharing BAK1 provides the benefit of signal cross-talk, or is simply because BAK1 does not determine signaling specificity and thus needs no diversification. Experimental evaluation of BAK1's role in the interplay between BR and flagellin, as described in two studies in PNAS (5, 6), however, discover complex actions of BR on immune responses, including positive and negative as well as BAK1-dependent and BAK1-independent effects. The steroid hormone BR binds to the extracellular domain of the LRR-RK BRI1 to initiate a phosphorylation cascade leading to BR responsive gene expression, cell elongation, and plant growth (7–9). Ligand-induced BRI1 kinase activation involves association and sequential transphosphorylation with BAK1 (BRI1-associated kinase 1) or its homologs (SERK1, -2, and -4) (10, 11). Activated BRI1 phosphorylates the BSK1 and CDG1 receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, which activate the BSU1 phosphatase (12); BSU1 dephosphorylates and inactivates the GSK3-like kinase BIN2, which otherwise phosphorylates transcription factors that promote BR-regulated gene expression and plant growth (9) (Fig. 1). BR treatment has been shown to enhance disease resistance in rice and tobacco, but the molecular mechanism has remained unknown …

Brassinosteroids modulate plant immunity at multiple levels