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Bioenergy production—either for fuels or electricity—is the most land intensive form of energy production (1). The consequences of increased demand for land associated with bioenergy crops initially gained attention because of the implications for carbon emissions associated with land clearing (2, 3), but, more recently, the potential impacts of bioenergy’s land demand on biodiversity have gained increased attention (4–6). The study by Meehan et al. (7) in PNAS provides a quantitative look at predicted landscape-scale biodiversity impacts under alternative bioenergy cropping scenarios. Specifically, the authors (7) predict impacts of either greatly expanded row crops or greatly expanded perennial grasses for bird communities in the Upper Midwest, making use of the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data to correlate bird species richness with landscape features at 265 sites across seven upper Midwestern states (Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio). Potential sources of biomass for bioenergy can be thought of as a continuum, ranging from low-input high-diversity (LIHD) crops, such as native prairie, to high-input low-diversity (HILD) crops, specifically corn and soybeans in this analysis (5, 7, 8). Current biofuel mandates in the United States require increasing production of biofuels to 136 billion L (36 billion gal) annually by 2022. The proportions of this total mandate that can come from corn ethanol, cellulosic ethanol, or other advanced biofuels are specified in the mandate, but are subject to change for political or technological reasons. Meeting the entire mandate exclusively with corn ethanol would require about 29 million ha; meeting the entire mandate exclusively …

Is bioenergy for the birds? An evaluation of alternative future bioenergy landscapes