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With malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.),Toxoplasma , and many other species of medical and veterinary importance its iconic representatives, the protistan phylum Apicomplexa has long been defined as a group composed entirely of parasites and pathogens. We present here a report of a beneficial apicomplexan: the mutualistic marine endosymbiontNephromyces . For more than a century, the peculiar structural and developmental features ofNephromyces , and its unusual habitat, have thwarted characterization of the phylogenetic affinities of this eukaryotic microbe. Using short-subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences as key evidence, with sequence identity confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we show thatNephromyces , originally classified as a chytrid fungus, is actually an apicomplexan. Inferences from rDNA data are further supported by the several apicomplexan-like structural features inNephromyces , including especially the strong resemblance ofNephromyces infective stages to apicomplexan sporozoites. The striking emergence of the mutualisticNephromyces from a quintessentially parasitic clade accentuates the promise of this organism, and the three-partner symbiosis of which it is a part, as a model for probing the factors underlying the evolution of mutualism, pathogenicity, and infectious disease.

Nephromyces , a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals