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The availability of phosphorus and nitrogen are major limitations to plant growth, and as such our agricultural processes apply these nutrients at high concentrations to crop plants through fertilizer. Although fertilizer application has greatly enhanced food production it comes at a significant price: the chemical fixation of nitrogen depends on high levels of fossil fuels, making fertilizers a significant cost of food production and a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. A number of plants have entered beneficial interactions with microorganisms that facilitate the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. In this issue of PNAS Yano et al. (1) provide new insights into a novel genetic component in the plant that allows the establishment of these nutrient-capturing symbioses. Plants enter a symbiosis with fungi of the taxonomic group Glomeromycota, which facilitates phosphate and mineral acquisition (2, ,3). Fungal hyphae invade the plant root and form highly-branched intracellular intrusions into cortical cells, called arbuscules, where nutrient exchange occurs. A more limited set of plant species also forms interactions with rhizobial bacteria that facilitates nitrogen uptake. A novel organ, the nodule is formed on the roots of the host plants and bacteria are accommodated in plant membrane-bound compartments within the nodule cells where nitrogen fixation occurs (,3). Legumes, peas and beans, are able to form both mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses. Genetic studies on nodulation in legumes revealed that several genes were required for both nodulation and mycorrhization, resulting in the identification of 7 distinct loci making up the so-called “common symbiosis signaling (Sym) pathway” (,2, ,4, ,5). Thus far the Sym pathway consists of up to …

How CYCLOPS keeps an eye on plant symbiosis