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Historically, the discovery and optimization of doped bulk materials has beenpredominantly developed through an Edisonian approach. While successful anddespite the constant progress in fundamental understanding of detectormaterials physics, the process has been restricted by its inherent slow paceand low success rate. This poor throughput owes largely to the considerablecompositional space that needs to be accounted for to fully comprehend complexmaterial/performance relationship. Here, we present a combinatorial approachwhere doped bulk scintillator materials can be rapidly optimized for theirproperties through concurrent extrinsic doping/co-doping strategies. Theconcept that makes use of Design of Experiment, rapid growth and evaluationtechniques, and multivariable regression analysis, has been successfullyapplied to the engineering of NaI performance, a historical but mediocreperformer in scintillation detection. Using this approach, we identified athree-element doping/co-doping strategy that significantly improves thematerial performance. The composition was uncovered by simultaneously screeningfor a beneficial co-dopant ion among the alkaline earth metal family and byoptimizing its concentration and that of Tl+ and Eu2+ ions. The compositionwith the best performance was identified as 0.1% mol Tl+, 0.1% mol Eu2+ and0.2% mol Ca2+. This formulation shows enhancement of energy resolution andlight output at 662 keV, from 6.3 to 4.9%, and from 44,000 to 52,000 ph/MeV,respectively. The method, in addition to improving NaI performance, provides aversatile framework for rapidly unveiling complex and concealed correlationsbetween material composition and performance, and should be broadly applicableto optimization of other material properties.

journal of applied physics

Combinatorial approach to bulk detector material engineering:  Application to rapid NaI performance optimization via multi-element  doping/co-doping strategy