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Despite a rich diversity in observational properties, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)can be divided into two broad categories based on their duration and spectralhardness -- the long-soft and the short-hard GRBs. The discovery of afterglowsfrom long GRBs in 1997, and their localization to arcsecond accuracy, was awatershed event. The ensuing decade of intense study led to the realizationthat long-soft GRBs are located in star forming galaxies, produce about 10^51erg in collimated relativistic ejecta, are accompanied by supernovae, andresult from the death of massive stars. While theoretical arguments suggestthat short GRBs have a different physical origin, the lack of detectableafterglows prevented definitive conclusions. The situation changed dramaticallystarting in May 2005 with the discovery of the first afterglows from short GRBslocalized by Swift and HETE-2. Here I summarize the discovery of theseafterglows and the underlying host galaxies, and draw initial conclusions aboutthe nature of the progenitors and the properties of the bursts.Comment: Invited talk to appear in proceedings of the 16th Annual October  Astrophysics Conference in Maryland, "Gamma Ray Bursts in the Swift Era",  eds. S. Holt, N. Gehrels and J. Nousek; 10 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl

The Afterglows and Host Galaxies of Short GRBs: An Overview