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In December 1965, Burton Blatt, along with photographer Fred Kaplan, made a series of visits to a variety of large public institutions for people with intellectual disabilities. They made special efforts at each facility to visit the “back wards” and document what they knew they would find. The photographic expose (Blatt and Kaplan 1966/1974) of the abuse and neglect that had become standard “treatment” in these institutions helped stoke the fires of outrage and shame among both politicians and the public, leading to the large-scale movement of the people forced to live in these conditions back to the community. The population of these large, public institutions peaked in 1967 at about 230,000 individuals and has continued to decline to a current population just under 30,000 (Larson et al. 2013, 7).

Creating the Back Ward: The Triumph of Custodialism and the Uses of Therapeutic Failure in Nineteenth-Century Idiot Asylums