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Purpose  We explored the diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) for tumor characterization, differentiation and therapy monitoring in pediatric patients with extracranial neuroblastic tumors. Materials and Methods  All 29 patients (14 girls, median age: 3 years) with neuroblastoma (NB, n = 19), ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB, n = 4) and ganglioneuroma (GN, n = 6) who had had at least one in-house DWI examination since 2005 were identified and retrospectively analyzed. Two independent blinded readers measured ADC values (unit: 10-3 mm 2 /s) and signal intensity ratios (SIRs) of the primary tumor and, if applicable, of the tumor after chemotherapy, metastases and tumor relapse. Results  The pre-treatment ADC was 0.90 ± 0.23 in NB/GNB and 1.70 ± 0.36 in GN without overlap between the two entities for both readers, 0.67 ± 0.14 in metastases and 0.72 ± 0.18 in tumor relapse. With chemotherapy, mean ADC increased to 1.54 ± 0.33 in NB/GNB and to 1.23 ± 0.27 in metastases (p &lt; 0.05). The median SIRs of various tumor lesions vs. liver, vs. muscle tissue and vs. adjacent tissue were significantly higher on DWI (range: 2.4 - 9.9) than on ce-T1w (range: 1.0 - 1.8, all p &lt; 0.05). The coefficient of variation (CV) was ≤ 8.0 % for ADC and ≤ 16.4 % for signal intensity data. Conclusion  Based on mean ADC, DWI distinguishes between NB/GNB and GN with high certainty and provides plausible quantitative data on tumor response to therapy. Lesion conspicuity, as measured by SIR, is superior on DWI, compared to ce-T1w. DWI as a noninvasive, radiation-free and widely available imaging technique should be an integral part of MR imaging for neuroblastic tumors and should undergo prospective evaluation in multicenter studies. Key Points   · DWI reliably distinguishes neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma from ganglioneuroma, based on the mean ADC.. · DWI provides plausible quantitative data on tumor response to chemotherapy.. · DWI offers highly superior lesion conspicuity compared to contrast-enhanced T1w imaging.. · DWI should be considered a standard for imaging neuroblastic tumors.. Citation Format · Neubauer H, Li M, Müller VR et al. Diagnostic Value of Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Tumor Characterization, Differentiation and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastic Tumors. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2017; 189: 640 - 650.