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It is classic to state:medicine is science and art.Medicine and art go hand in hand. Hippocrates’s medicine (460–378 BC) was born during Pericles century (495–429 BC), at the nadir of Greek art of Fidias (490–430 BC). Both submerged during the middle ages and reburned during the Italian renaissance. Science can be defined like organized knowledge and be confirmedthroughobservationandexperimentation.However, it is difficult to define art because the termcouldmeanmultiple things in different places and time. The greek term tékhné, translated to latin as technique and also as art.The later meaning, whatever is well done by the man. For the greeks artwork was to perform a technique with excellence. Hence, in the first Hippocrates’ s aphorism, “The life is short, the art last long.”(ÓBiosbrakhysÉdétékhnémakhré), the termtékné refers to art meaning technique acquisition, practical knowledge the execution of work in the medical field. In all branches of knowledge, including medicine and surgery, there archaic civilizations referred to medicine as art, or better as technique based inmythical explanation. The “Greek miracle” exclude the mythical explanation and submitted the technical knowledge to the sieve of rationality, creating Science as we know. Therefore, medicine and surgery are old as art but new as science. In reality, way before the emergence of science in Greece at the 6 century B.C., the Neolithic man already had practiced the art of surgery as documented in several trephined skulls found in several different archeological sites. The intimate relation between technique and science in the pre-Socratic Greece was ruptured by Plato is(428–348 B.C.) philosophy, whichwas disputed by the intellectual capacity of the technicians. This fact determined the discredit of the manual labor, including plastic artists, during the medieval and classic period, being one of the main reasons for the dichotomy between theory and practice, science and technic, medicine (scientific knowledge) and surgery (technical knowledge). This dichotomy increased with the medieval scholars. Only during the Renaissance the artist and handcrafters recuperated their dignity and prestige. The Vesalius”s (1514–1564) dissections depicted in De Humani Corpori Fabrica (1543), inaugurate the modern medicine. In his work, still considered the most outstanding in medicine, the narrow relation between science and art takes place. The Vesalius’ text is as important as the exquisite illustrations of Calcar (1499–1546), Tiziano’s disciple. Therefore we can say that modern medicine was born in an anatomy laboratory and in the workshop of a renaissance painter. The word surgery came from the Greek kheir, hand, and ergon, “work” .Until the XVI century, surgerywas onlymanual labor, without scientific bases, and wasn’t performed by doctors but by barber surgeons. Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) saw the new Vesalius’s anatomy as the foundation of surgery. He transformed the barber-surgery art into the medieval art and scienceof surgery, giving thedignityand respect toward to the surgeon’s work. In the Seventeenth century, theknowledge acquired in the two previous renaissance centuries increased even more, leading to the birth of the modern science. In this context neurosciences was born in 1664, with the work named Cerebri Anatome from Willis (1621–1675), in which medieval concepts regarding cerebral function were repealed. The pillars ofmodern neurosciences and neurology were established. As a matter of fact, in this work the word neurology was coined. Again, one more time we witnessed the narrow association between art and science, the outstanding text written byWillis was impeccably illustrated by Christopher Wren (1632–1723), the greatest british artist from all times. Sir Wren, himself, was responsible for the London’s reconstruction after the devastating 1666 fire. The Saint Paul cathedral being his masterpiece. Wren’s superb drawings revealed great elegance and precision, showing the brain in such detailed and realistic fashion never seen before in any publication. Subsequently in the Nineteenth century, John Hunter applied experimental scientific method to surgery, creating modern surgery. At the end of the Nineteenth century, advances in general surgery and the better understanding of

Evandro de Oliveira: From Anatomy to Science and the Art of Microneurosurgery