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Egress plays a vital role in the life cycle of apicomplexan parasites including  Eimeria tenella , which has been attracting attention from various research groups. Many recent studies have focused on early egress induced by immune molecules to develop a new method of apicomplexan parasite elimination. In this study, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO), an immune molecule produced by different types of cells in response to cytokine stimulation, could induce early egress of eimerian sporozoites  in vitro .  Eimeria tenella  sporozoites were extracted and cultured in primary chicken kidney cells. The number of sporozoites egressed from infected cells was analyzed by flow cytometry after treatment with NO released by sodium nitroferricyanide (II) dihydrate. The results showed that exogenous NO stimulated the rapid egress of  E .  tenella  sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells before replication of the parasite. We also found that egress was dependent on intra-parasitic calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) levels and no damage occurred to host cells after egress. The virulence of egressed sporozoites was significantly lower than that of fresh sporozoites. The results of this study contribute to a novel field examining the interactions between apicomplexan parasites and their host cells, as well as that of the clearance of intracellular pathogens by the host immune system.

Exogenous nitric oxide stimulates early egress of Eimeria tenella sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells in vitro