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The temperature range below 50 millikelvin (50 mK) has increased in importance during the last few years, mainly for the following two reasons : 1 The development of the dilution refrigerator based on the reversible dilution of liquid 3He-4He mixtures through the passage of 3He atoms across the boundary between the con­ centrated and dilute phase. This per­ mits the production and the main­ tenance of constant temperatures down to 10 mK and even below. 2 The recent promising advances made in nuclear ‘ refrigeration ’. The production of temperatures down to about 0.5 microkelvin (0.5 μK) by the isentropic demagnetization of nuclear magnetic moments (nuclear ‘cooling’) is fairly well established, but the tem­ peratures so reached are those of the system of nuclear spins and it is only in the last few years that significant cooling of the sample as a whole — conduction electrons and lattice — has been achieved (nuclear ‘ refriger­ ation ’). This development is likely to open up the temperature range below 1 mK for general experimentation.

Thermometry and thermal contact below 50 millikelvin Albé, Bas-Rhin, France, 11-14 April 1972