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tem of measurement units, the SI, and to better measurements in all parts of society? Can collaboration between academic physicists and the national metrology institutes be more co-ordinated than today’s occasionally ad hoc in order to better meet future demands for traceability? The International System of Units referred to as the SI, covering the base units (metre, kilogram, second, kelvin, candela, ampere, mole) and the derived units, provides a basis for ensuring that reliable measurements give the same answer wherever they are made in modern society. This system is based on and, in turn, supports continual and long-term research in fundamental science and technology.There are many and distinguished examples where fundamental physics has contributed to the development of the SI and traceable measurements, involving several Nobel prizes in Physics. There are ever increasing demands for traceable measurement – enabling reliable measurements that give the same answer wherever they are made not only in traditional areas such as manufacturing and process industries but increasingly in wider areas: • The emergence of new areas of science and technology such as nanotechnology and biotechnology • The need to support traditional areas of physical metrology in which research is often becoming more complex • Increased recognition of the value of Metrology in existing areas (clinical medicine, food safety, the environment etc) In fact, demands are increasing so much that primary metrology, as provided by the national metrology institutes, is facing a dilemma of increasing consequence, since resources are limited. To solve this dilemma, European metrologists and others with a vested interest in traceable measurement are at present formulating plans for a new European-wide coordination of national metrology research programmes. In particular, a European ERA-NET programme iMERA [1], with the support of the European Commission,“Implementing Metrology in the European research Area”, is at present laying the foundations of a co-ordinated approach to meet these metrology needs in Europe. The most recent plans for the EU’s 7 framework programme in fact mentions metrology as one of only four proposed candidates for an Article 169 coordination action. The European metrology infrastructure is underpinned by the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) in Europe. The NMIs provide the primary measurement capability to the calibration community and to industrial, regulatory and scientific customers. To ensure that this capability remains at the cutting edge many of the NMIs undertake significant research and development (R&D). This leading edge capability in turn provides the tools that enable world class R&D in wider fields.

Metrology: time for a new look at the physics of traceable measurement?