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A Fig. 1: Sources for producing slow multiply charged ion beams. (top); ECRIS (electron cyclotron resonance ion source). Microwave radiation (2.45-28 GHz) fed into a magnetical plasma trap causes resonant heating ofthe plasma electrons while the also confined ions remain comparably cold. Fairly high ion charge states can be produced via step-by-step ionization, and relatively large ion currents may be extracted. (bottom): EBIS (electron beam ion source). Ions are confined in the space charge potential of a magnetically compressed electron beam (energy from keV up to ,00 keV). Step-by-step ionization proceeds until the axial electric field barrier on the right hand side is lowered for ion extraction. In pulsed operation, up to fully stripped ions of any species can be produced but extractable ion currents are lower than for ECRIS. Aclosely related version (EBIT electron beam ion trap) has been developed for studying highly charged ion spectra but can also be modified for Met extraction.

Slow multicharged ions hitting a solid surface: From hollow atoms to novel applications