English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In recent years, several high-order methods have been proposed for the simulation of Maxwell’s equations. Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes are a combination of an element local finite element formulation in which the solution is represented by a polynomial and a finite volume method which couples adjacent cells over the cells surfaces. This results in a highly parallelizable scheme which offers excellent dissipation-dispersion properties. Consequently, a high-order DG scheme has been applied within a particle-in-cell solver [1], replacing the standard Yee scheme. This development has been continued, leading to a three-dimensional full-wave particle-in-cell solver named PICLas, which has been benchmarked against a 30 GHz gyrotron operating in a TE2,3 mode [2]. In contrast to finite difference methods, which use equidistant grids and a second order boundary approximation, PICLas uses body-fitted, curvilinear unstructured hexahedral meshes of arbitrary polynomial order. A crucial step to simulate complex geometries, like the considered gyro-TWT [3, 4], is a high quality mesh. A typical DG grid consists of coarse elements when highorder elements are used. By increasing the polynomial degree, less than one DG element per wavelength may be required for an accurate solution. This is especially challenging for the considered gyro-TWT, because its diameter approximates the wavelength. In order to represent the geometry, several elements in radial direction may be required, thus restricting the DG scheme to a lower order. We describe the utilized mesh and report preliminary results for which a homogeneous guiding magnetic field has been used.

Benchmarking a high-order particle-in-cell code for the simulation of a gyrotron traveling-wave tube